INVESTIGATION OF SILVER FORGERIES OF ANCIENT COINS: CASE STUDY OF SILVER COINS OF PARTHIA (ORODES II AND PHRAATES VI)
European Journal of Materials Science and Engineering, Volume 9, Issue 2, 2024
PDF Full Article, DOI: 10.36868/ejmse.2024.09.02.151, pp. 151-172
Serkan SALMAZ1,2, Çağın BOLAT1,*
1Samsun University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Ballıca Campus, Mechanical Engineering Department, 55420, Samsun, Turkey
2Samulaş Incorparated Company, Samsun, Turkey
* Corresponding author: cagin.bolat@samsun.edu.tr
Abstract
The additive manufacturing route is a notably promising alternative option to obtain complex shaped parts, precise prototypes, and direct-usage system components for lots of independent sectors like medicine, dentistry, automotive, aviation, and construction. Compared to the conventional strategies, this methodology provides cleaner, healthier, and faster manufacturing opportunities for engineers and manufacturers. In this paper, actual applications of photopolymerization-oriented 3D printing in the field of dentistry are evaluated in light of the literature efforts, sectoral feedback, and additional original interpretations. Concordantly, the process backgrounds and printing materials were analyzed meticulously together with the evaluations of the physical and mechanical features of the dental components. When real implementations like models, surgical guides, aligners, temporary teeth, and implants are considered, it is seen that there is still a lot of room to be enlightened on this topic for a healthier future. In this context, this article aims to draw a broad perspective on the new interdisciplinary efforts and to emphasize the great potential of layer-by-layer production in the field of dentistry.
Keywords: additive manufacturing, photopolymerization, stereolithography, dental resin, dental implant
References:
[1] H.K. Sürmen, Eklemeli imalat (3B baskı): teknolojileri ve uygulamaları, Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 24, 2019, pp. 373-392.
[2] M. Kasparova, L. Grafova, P. Dvorak, T. Dostalova, A. Prochazka, and H. Eliasova, Possibility of reconstruction of dental plaster cast from 3d digital study models, Biomedical Engineering Online, 12, 2013.
[3] ISO/ASTM 52900, “Additive manufacturing — General principles — Fundamentals and vocabulary,” International Standard Organisation, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA, 2021.
[4] B. Ergene, Ç. Bolat, An Experimental study on the role of manufacturing parameters on the dry sliding wear performance of additively manufactured PETG, International Polymer Processing, 37, 2022, pp. 255-270.
[5] F. Calignano, D. Manfredi, E. P. Ambrosio, S. Biamino, M. Lombardi, E. Atzeni and P. Fino, Overview on additive manufacturing technologies, Proceedings of the IEEE, 105, 2017, pp. 593-612.
[6] A.D.K. Katta, “Analysis of PA6 Powder Ageing during the Selective Laser Sintering Process,” Master Tezi, Aelen University, Germany, 2019.
[7] S.H. Saheb, J.V. Kumar, A Comprehensive review on additive manufacturing applications, AIP Conference Proceedings, 2281, 2020.
[8] A. Bhargav, V. Sanjairaj, V. Rosa, L. W. Feng, J.F. Yh, Applications of additive manufacturing in dentistry, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research B: Applied Biomaterials, 106, 2017, pp. 2058-2064.
[9] Ç. Bolat, A. Gökşenli, Fabrication optimization of Al 7075/Expanded glass syntactic foam by cold chamber die casting, Archives of Foundry Engineering, 20, 2020, pp. 112-118.
[10] M. Salmi, Additive manufacturing processes in medical applications, Materials, 14, 2020, pp. 191.
[11] S.D. Van, R. Glauser, U. Blombäck, M. Andersson, F. Schutyser, A. Pettersson, A computed tomographic scan derived customized surgical template and fixed prosthesis for flapless surgery and immediate loading of implants in fully edentulous maxillae: A prospective multicenter study, Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, 7, 2005, pp. s111-s120.
[12] “What makes dental 3D printing the new normal in dentistry?” https://www.medicalplasticsnews.com/medical-plastics-industry-insights/medical-plastics-3d-printing-insights/what-makes-dental-3d-printing-the-new-normal-in-dentistry/, Accesed: 2 February 2024.
[13] “Dental 3D Printing Market Size, Share & Trends Report.” https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/dental-3d-printing-market/, Accessed: 2 February 2024.
[14] H. Wu, Y. Cheng, W. Liu, R. He, M. Zhou, S. Wu, Effect of the particle size and the debinding process on the density of alumina ceramics fabricated by 3d printing based on stereolithography, Ceramics International, 2016, pp. 17290-17294.
[15] F.P. Melchels, J. Feijen and D. W. Grijpma, A review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering, Biomaterials, 31, 2010, pp. 6121-6130.
[16] X. Wang, M. Jiang, Z. Zhou, J. Gou, D. Hui, 3d printing of polymer matrix composites: A review and prospective, Composites Part B: Engineering, 110, 2017, pp. 442-58, 2017.
[17] A. Endruweit, M.S. Johnson, A.C. Long, Curing of composite components by ultraviolet radiation: A review, Polymer Composites, 27, 2016, pp. 119-128.
[18] “Epoksi Reçinelerin Fotopolimerizasyon ile Kürlenmesi ve Kompozitlerde Kullanımı.” https://www.turkchem.net/epoksi-recinelerin-fotopolimerizasyon-ile-kurlenmesi-ve-kompozitlerde-kullanimi.html/, Accessed: 1 February 2024.
[19] I. Buj-Corral, A. Tejo-Otero, 3D printing of bioinert oxide ceramics for medical applications, Journal of Functional Biomaterials, 13, 2022, pp. 155.
[20] L. Yang, H. Miyanaji, Ceramic additive manufacturing: A review of current status and challenges, 28th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium – An Additive Manufacturing Conference, p. 652-679, Texas, USA, 2017.
[21] W. Zhou, D. Li, H. Wang, A novel aqueous ceramic suspension for ceramic stereolithography, Rapid Prototyping Journal, 16, 2010, pp. 29-35.
[22] N. Travitzky, A. Bonet, B. Dermeik, T. Fey, D.I. Filbert, L. Schlier, Additive manufacturing of ceramic‐based materials, Advanced Engineering Materials, 16, 2014, pp. 729-754.
[23] H.N. Chia, B.M. Wu, Recent advances in 3d printing of biomaterials, Journal of Biological Engineering, 9, 2015, pp. 4.
[24] E. Sachlos, J. Czernuszka, Making tissue engineering scaffolds work. Review: The application of solid freeform fabrication technology to the production of tissue engineering scaffolds, European Cells and Materials, 5, 2003, pp. 29-40.
[25] Y. Maeda, M. Minoura, S. Tsutsumi, M. Okada, T.A. Nokubi, CAD/CAM system for removable denture. Part I: Fabrication of complete dentures, International Journal of Prosthodontics, 7, 1994, p. 17-21.
[26] M.S. Bilgin, A. Erdem, O.S. Aglarci, E. Dilber, Fabricating complete dentures with CAD/CAM and RP technologies, Journal of Prosthodontics, 24, 2015, pp. 576-579.
[27] J.H. Park, I.H. Cho, S.Y. Shin, Y. S. Choi, The treatment of an edentulous patient with DENTCA™ CAD/CAM Denture, The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics, 53, 2015, pp. 19-25.
[28] J. Wu, X. Wang, X. Zhao, C. Zhang, B. Gao, A study on the fabrication method of removable partial denture framework by computer‐aided design and rapid prototyping, Rapid Prototyping Journal, 18, 2012, pp. 318-323.
[29] E.S. Koh, H.S. Cha, T.H. Kim. J.S. Ahn, J.H. Lee, Color stability of three dimensional-printed denture teeth exposed to various colorants, The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics, 58, 2020, pp. 1-6.
[30] H. Xing, B. Zou, S. Li, X. Fu, Study on surface quality, precision and mechanical properties of 3D printed ZrO2 ceramic components by laser scanning stereolithography, Ceramics International, 43, 2017, pp. 16340-16347.
[31] W.A. Sarwar, J. Kang, H. Yoon, Optimized zirconia 3D printing using digital light processing with continuous film supply and recyclable slurry system, Materials, 14, 2021, pp. 3446.
[32] C. Chaput, T. Chartier, Fabrication of ceramics by stereolithography, RTejournal-Forum für Rapid Technologie, 4.
[33] W. Oropallo, L.A. Piegl, Ten challenges in 3D printing, Engineering with Computers, 32, 2016, pp. 135-148.
[34] A. Dawood, B.M. Marti, J.V. Sauret, A. Darwood, 3D printing in dentistry, British Dental Journal, 219, 2015, pp. 521-529.
[35] E. George, P. Liacouras, F.J. Rybicki, D. Mitsouras, Measuring and establishing the accuracy and reproducibility of 3D printed medical models, Radiographics, 37, 2017, pp. 1424-1450.
[36] M. Javaid, A. Haleem, Current status and applications of additive manufacturing in dentistry: A literature-based review, Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research, 9, 2019, pp. 179-185.
[37] C. Schmidleithner, D.M. Kalaskar, Stereolithography, in: Cvetković, D, (ed.), 3D Printing, In Tech Open, p. 1-22, Londra, 2018.
[38] Z. Zhao, X. Tian, X. Song, Engineering materials with light: Recent progress in digital light processing based 3D printing, Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 8, 2020, pp. 13896-13917.
[39] Y. Lu, G. Mapili, G. Suhali, S. Chen, K. Roy, A digital micro‐mirror device‐based system for the microfabrication of complex, spatially patterned tissue engineering scaffolds, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 77A, 2006, pp. 396-405.
[40] K.D. Agashe, A. Sachdeva, S.S. Chavan, 3D printing and advance material technology, International Journal of Grid and Distributed Computing, 13, 2020, pp. 1899-1936.
[41] J.R. Tumblestone, D. Shirvanyants, N. Ermoshkin, R. Janusziewicz, A.R. Johnson, D.V. Kelly, E.T. Samulski, Continuous liquid interface production of 3D objects, Science, 347, 2015, pp. 1349-1352.
[42] J. Wallace, Validating continuous digital light processing (cDLP) additive manufacturing accuracy and tissue engineering utility of a dye-initiator package, Biofabrication, 6, 2014, pp. 015003.
[43] D. Dean, J. Wallace, A. Siblani, M.O. Wang, K. Kim, A.G. Mikos, J.P. Fisher, Continuous digital light processing (cDLP): Highly accurate additive manufacturing of tissue engineered bone scaffolds, Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 7, 2012, pp. 13-24.
[44] Y. Shin, M.L. Becker, Alternating ring-opening copolymerization of epoxides with saturated and unsaturated cylic anhydrides: Reduced viscosity poly(propylene fumarate) oligomers for use in cDLP 3D printing, Polymer Chemistry, 11, 2020, pp. 3313-3321.
[45] W. Marcenes, N.J. Kassebaum, E. Bernabe, A. Flaxman, M. Naghavi, A. Lopez, Global burden of oral conditions in 1990-2010: a systematic analysis, Journal of Dental Research, 92, 2013, pp. 592-597.
[46] N.S. Gasner, R.S. Schure, Necrotizing periodontal diseases, 2020.
[47] R. Marcel, H. Reinhard, K. Andreas, Accuracy of CAD/CAM-fabricated bite splints: milling vs 3D printing, Clinical Oral Investigations, 24, 2020, pp. 4607-4615.
[48] K. Son, J. Lee, K. Lee, Comparison of intaglio surface trueness of interim dental crowns fabricated with SLA 3D printing, DLP 3D Printing, and milling technologies, Healthcare, 9, 2021, pp. 983.
[49] A.Z. Farkas, S. Galatanu, R. Nagib, The Influence of printing layer thickness and orientation on the mechanical properties of DLP 3D-Printed dental resin, Polymers, 15, 2023, pp. 1113.
[50] A. Zocca, P. Colombo, C.M. Gomes, J. Günster, Additive manufacturing of ceramics: issues, potentialities, and opportunities, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 98, 2015, pp. 1983-2001.
[51] J.W. Halloran, Ceramic stereolithography: additive manufacturing for ceramics by photopolymerization, Annual Review of Materials Research, 46, 2016, pp. 19-40.
[52] M. Dehurtevent, L. Robberecht, J. C. Hornez, A. Thuault, E. Deveaux and P. Behin, Stereolithography: A new method for processing dental ceramics by additive computer-aided manufacturing, Dental Materials, 33, 2017, pp. 477-485, 2017.
[53] X. Liu, B. Zou, H. Xing, C. Huang, The preparation of ZrO2-Al2O3 composite ceramic by SLA-3D printing and sintering processing, Ceramics International, 46, 2020, pp. 937-944.
[54] J. Chen, Z. Zhang, X. Chen, C. Zhang, G. Zhang, Z. Xu, Design and manufacture of customized dental implants by using reverse engineering and selective laser melting technology, The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 112, 2014, pp. 1088-1095.
[55] W. Peng, L. Xu, J. You, L. Fang, Q. Zhang, Selective laser melting of titanium alloy enables osseointegration of porous multi-rooted implants in a rabbit model, Biomedical Engineering Online, 15, 2016, pp. 85.
[56] A. Shaoki, J.Y. Xu, H. Sun, X.S. Chen, J. Ouyang, X.M. Zhuang, Osseointegration of threedimensional designed titanium implants manufactured by selective laser melting, Biofabrication, 8, 2016, pp. 045014.
[57] R. Ramakrishnaiah, A. Mohammad, D. Divakar, S. Kotha, S. Celur, M. Hashem, Preliminary fabrication and characterization of electron beam melted ti–6al–4v customized dental implant, Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 24, 2017, pp. 787-96.
[58] S.L. Hyzy, A. Cheng, D.J. Cohen, G. Yatzkaier, A.J. Whitehead, R.M. Clohessy, Novel hydrophilic nanostructured microtexture on direct metal laser sintered ti–6al–4v surfaces enhances osteoblast response in vitro and osseointegration in a rabbit model, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 104, 2016, pp. 2086-2098.
[59] R.B. Osman, A.J. Veen, D. Huiberts, D. Wismeijer, N. Alharbi, 3d-printing zirconia implants; a dream or a reality? An in-vitro study evaluating the dimensional accuracy, surface topography and mechanical properties of printed zirconia implant and discs, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 75, 2017, pp. 521-528.
[60] E. Koç and F. Yılmaz, “Biyomedikal parçaların eklemeli imalatla (3D baskı) üretimi,” 1. Ulusal Biyomedikal Cihaz Tasarımı ve Üretimi Sempozyumu, İstanbul, Türkiye, 14 Mayıs 2016.
[61] A. Hazeveld, J.J.H. Slater, Y. Ren, Accuracy and reproducibility of dental replica models reconstructed by different rapid prototyping techniques, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthodontics, 145, 2014, pp. 108-115.
[62] A.C. Miracle, S.K. Mukherji, Conebeam CT of the head and neck, part 2: Clinical applications, American Journal of Neuroradiology, 30, 2009, pp. 1285-1292.
[63] A. Aditya, S. Lele, P. Aditya, Current status of knowledge, attitude, and perspective of dental practitioners toward cone beam computed tomography: A survey, Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, 3, 2015, pp. 54.
[64] H. Eufinger, M. Wehmöller, E. Machtens, L. Heuser, A. Harders, D. Kruse, Reconstruction of craniofacial bone defects with individual alloplastic implants based on cad/cam-manipulated ct-data, Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, 23, 1995, pp. 175-181.
[65] L.M. Revilla, M.O. Gonzalez, L.J. Perez, R.J.L. Sanchez, M. Özcan, Position accuracy of implant analogs on 3d printed polymer versus conventional dental stone casts measured using a coordinate measuring machine, Journal of Prosthodontics, 27, 2018, pp. 560-67.
[66] J.L. Lozada, A. Garbacea, C.J. Goodacre, M.T. Kattadiyil, Use of a digitally planned and fabricated mandibular complete denture for easy convension to an immediately loaded provisional fixed complete denture. Part 1. Planning and surgical phase, International Journal of Prosthodontics, 27, 2014, pp. 417-421.
[67] D.M. Erickson, D. Chance, S. Schmitt, J. Mathts, An opinion survey of reported benefits from the use of stereolithographic models, Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 57, 1999, pp. 1040-1043.
[68] J. Xia, H. H. Ip, N. Samman, D. Wang, C.S. Kot, R.W. Yeung, Computer-assisted three-dimensional surgical planning and simulation: 3d virtual osteotomy, International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 29, 2000, pp. 11-17.
[69] L. Frizziero, G.M. Santi, A. Liverani, F. Napolitano, P. Papaleo, E. Maredi, Computer-aided surgical simulation for correcting complex limb deformities in children, Applied Sciences, 10, 2020, pp. 5181.
[70] N. Yu, T. Nguyen, Y.D. Cho, N.M. Kavanagh, I. Ghassib, W.V. Giannobile, Personalized scaffolding technologies for alveolar bone regenerative medicine, Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research, 22, 2019, pp. 69-75.
[71] Y.G. Jeong, W.S. Lee, K.B. Lee, Accuracy evaluation of dental models manufactured by CAD/CAM milling method and 3D printing method, Journal of Advance Prosthodontics, 10, 2018, pp. 245-251.
[72] G. Gagg, E. Ghassemieh, F.E. Wiria, Effects of sintering temperature on morphology and mechanical characteristics of 3D printed porous titanium used as dental implant, Materials Science and Engineering: C, 33, 2013, pp. 3858-3864.
[73] J. Kim, M. Kim, J.C. Knowles, S. Choi, H. Kang, S. Park, H. Kim, J. Park, J. Lee, H. Lee, Mechanophysical and biological properties of a 3-printed titanium alloy for dental applications, Dental Materials, 36, 2020, pp. 945-958.
[74] J. Fangqiu, C. Zhang, X. Chen, Structure optimization of porous dental implant based on 3D printing, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 324, 2018, pp. 012060.
[75] T.H. Tsai, N. Jeyaprakash, C.H. Yang, Non-destructive evaluations of 3D printed ceramic teeth: Young’s modulus and defect detections, Ceramics International, 46, 2020, pp. 22987-22998.
[76] S. Li, S. Yuan, J. Zhu, C. Wang, J. Li, W. Zhang, Additive manufacturing-driven design optimization: Building direction and structural topology, Additive Manufacturing, 36, 2020, pp. 101406.
[77] İ. Aktitiz, K. Aydın, A. Topcu, Stereolitografi (SLA) tekniği ile basılan 3 boyutlu polimer yapılarda ikincil kürleme süresinin mekanik özelliklere etkisi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 35, 2020, pp. 949-958.
[78] M. Hossain, R. Navaratne, D. Peric, 3D printed elastomeric polyurethane: Viscoelastic experimental characterizations and constitutive modelling with nonlinear viscosity functions, International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics, 126, 2020, pp. 1-12.
[79] D. Miedzinska, R. Gieleta, E. Małek, Experimental study of strength properties of SLA resins under low and high strain rates, Mechanics of Materials, 141, 2020, pp. 1-18.
[80] M. García Reyes, A. Bataller Torras, J.A. Cabrera Carrillo, J.M. Velasco García, J.J. Castillo Aguilar, A study of tensile and bending properties of 3D-printed biocompatible materials used in dental appliances, Journal of Materials Science, 57, 2022, pp. 2953–2968.
[81] K.G. Topsakal, M. Aksoy, G.S. Duran, The Effect of aging on the mechanical properties of 3-dimensional printed biocompatible resin materials used in dental applications: An in vitro study, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 164, 2023, pp. 441-469.
[82] P. Simeon, A. Unkovskiy, B.S. Sarmadi, R. Nicic, P.J. Koch, F. Beuer, F. Schmidt, Wear resistance and flexural properties of low force SLA-and DLP-printed splint materials in different printing orientations: An in vitro study, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 152, 2024, pp. 106458.
